Heatwaves from the Arctic to Japan: a sign of things to come?

Intense heatwaves like the one which fuelled Greece’s deadly wildfires are set to become increasingly frequent around the world due to climate change, experts warn.

Record high temperatures have been registered across the Northern Hemisphere in recent weeks, from Norway to Japan.

Sweltering summers are the norm in Greece, where at least 82 people have been killed in the country’s worst ever forest fires.

But in Northern Europe the recent heatwave is exceptional, and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) predicts temperatures will continue to beat the seasonal average from Ireland to Scandinavia and the Baltic countries until early August.

This has been the hottest July for at least 250 years in Sweden, where indigenous Sami reindeer herders have been among those worst hit by an unprecedented drought as well as devastating wildfires.

Dozens of people have died in Japan in what officials have called an “unprecedented” heatwave, while California has also notched up record temperatures of up to 48.9 C in Chino.

“Generally we have heatwaves in one part of the planet,” said Anders Levermann, a professor at the Postdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.

“But now we have the entire northern hemisphere being hot — it’s stunning.”

“Each individual event is very difficult to attribute directly to human activity,” French climate expert Jean Jouzel told AFP.

But the soaring temperatures of recent weeks “are consistent with what we expect as a result of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions”, according to Elena Manaenkova, deputy secretary-general of the WMO.

A study published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society concluded in December that global warming was solely responsible for worldwide record temperatures recorded in 2016 as well as an extreme heatwave in Asia.

While the three last years have been the hottest ever recorded on Earth, “the most important question is, ‘Will we see this more often if we don’t reduce carbon emissions?” said Levermann.

“And this question is the one we can say yes to.”

Researchers from the World Weather Attribution Project estimated Friday that climate change had made the current heatwave in northern Europe more than twice as likely to occur.

But they cautioned that this was a preliminary analysis, published before the end of the heatwave.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a UN panel of experts, warned in a 2012 report that its models forecast increasingly intense episodes of extreme weather in the coming decades.

Even if the world manages to limit temperature increases to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels as agreed in the 2015 Paris climate agreement, experts predict worse droughts, heatwaves, floods and hurricanes, and across wider stretches of territory.

A study published last year in the Nature Climate Change journal warned that even in sticking to the Paris limits, half of the world’s population will be vulnerable to deadly heatwaves by 2100, compared to about 30 percent today.

“Every year we are going to be setting new record temperatures from Russia to France to Japan,” Jouzel said.

Heatwaves of the kind seen in 2003, which caused around 70,000 deaths in Europe, “risk becoming the norm after 2050 or 2060”, he added.

And with warmer air and drier land, fires will become increasingly common, experts predict.

According to the European Commission, 2017 was one of the worst ever years for forest fires in Europe, with 800,000 hectares of land razed in Portugal, Spain and Italy.

And the Commission’s PESETA II report estimated the area of land vulnerable to fires in Southern Europe could increase between 50 and 100 percent over the 21st century, depending on how quickly the planet warms.