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The 1994 process of disbanding and reintegrating non-statutory and homeland armies was fundamentally flawed. That’s according to former Umkhonto we Sizwe soldier and author, Ishmael Mugodi.
Mugodi of Muladane, outside Thohoyandou in Limpopo, joined the ANC military wing during its last intake in the early 1990s. He says many former MK cadres were discriminated against during the integration process by not being given respectable ranks in the new Defence Force. Mugodi eventually resigned from the army and wrote a book about his experiences in the armed struggle.
However, he’s now unemployed, despite having a security management diploma.
